正在編輯用戶:Hinnia/沙盒6

How far do you agree that the third crusade was more effectively organised than the Second Crusade?

=== It is agreed ===

== Greater Enemy ==

=== Third Crusade ===
Against a far greater enemy: '''Saladin'''

Saladin united '''Syria''' and '''Egypt'''

'''Battle of Hattin''' in 1187 resulted in the capture of Jerusalem by Saladin.

Christian control of Outremer was reduced to '''Tripoli''' and '''Antioch'''.

In 1189, the crusader states were in a desperate situation.

Saladin was at the peak of Jihadi strength

=== Second Crusade ===
The crusaders faced a Muslim enemy at the '''beginning of Jihadi strength'''

== Most effective first wave ==

=== Third Crusade ===
led by Emperor '''Frederick Barbarossa''' of Germany, aged '''70''', with '''15,000 soldiers'''.

Byzantine Greeks had grown closer to the Turks since the Second Crusade.

'''Isaac Angelus''', the Byzantine emperor, had an agreement with Saladin to delay the German journey.

Frederick's army faced challenges and was not welcomed in the Byzantine Empire.

Isaac prevented markets from being set up, cutting off German supplies.

Frederick's troops seized control of '''Plovdiv''' and achieved a decisive victory against the Byzantines at '''Dhidimotikon'''.

Isaac realized the conflict wasn't worth it and returned to the September agreement.

Frederick's troops were allowed to cross the '''Dardanelles''' in March.

The march across Asia Minor was challenging, with food and supplies running out.

They captured '''Konya''' but faced difficulties crossing the '''River Goksu'''.

Frederick drowned in the river, causing a profound effect on the army.

Emperor Frederick's death fractured the army and prevented it from turning the tide of the siege.

=== Second Crusade ===
Also a German Campaign, nowhere as successful

Conrad's army departed with 8 days of supplies, estimating a 20-day journey, assuming they could acquire supplies along the way.

However, the plan did not go as expected due to Conrad's overconfidence and the lack of control by Manuel I in the area they traveled through.

The crusaders were ambushed by the Turks near '''Dorylaeum'''.

Due to inadequate leadership, the crusaders were defeated this time

Resulting in a retreat to Nicaea with a casualty rate of around 17 percent. Many Germans gave up and returned home.

== Better Leader ==

=== Third Crusade ===

==== Sicily and Cyprus ====
Richard arrived in Messina on September 22, 1190, to collect his sister's dowry from '''Count Tancred of Lecce'''.

Tancred refused to pay, so Richard attacked '''Messina''' and gained control on October 4.

Richard extorted '''40,000 gold ounces''' from Tancred to finance the crusade.

On April 10, 1191, Richard's army left Sicily and encountered missing ships that were stranded on Cyprus.

Richard '''invaded Cyprus''' on May 6, capturing Limassol and campaigning inland.

By June 1, Isaac Comnenus, the ruler of Cyprus, surrendered, and Richard '''sold the island to the Templars for 100,000 bezants'''.

==== Acre ====
Philip arrived at Acre on '''April 20, 1191''', providing vital support for the siege.

Richard joined Philip on '''June 8''' with his fleet and participated in the siege.

Together, their forces destroyed the walls of Acre, and the '''Muslim garrison surrendered on July 12, 1191'''.

A month-long argument over the king of Jerusalem delayed progress after the surrender.

'''Guy Lusignan''' became king for life, followed by '''Conrad of Montferrat'''.

Philip returned to France on July 31, 1191, leaving Richard as the clear commander of the crusade.

==== Jaffa ====
Richard initiated a plan to reclaim territory along the coast of Outremer after Philip's departure.

On August 22, 1191, Richard's army began a 70-mile march towards Jaffa.

The army was well-organised, with knights divided into three divisions and marching in columns.

Infantry protected the knights from raids and surprise attacks, while the baggage train marched on the right.

Richard's leadership and careful planning ensured the safe arrival of the crusaders at Jaffa.

Richard monitored the march formation closely and made preparations to maintain its integrity.

==== Jerusalem ====
The goal of the Third Crusade was to recapture Jerusalem.

Richard's army advanced slowly towards Jerusalem, securing castles along the way for a supply line.

The army reached Beit Nuba, 12 miles from Jerusalem, on January 3, 1192

but then turned back to refortify the abandoned city of Ascalon.

The decision to turn back was influenced by advice from the Templars and Hospitallers,

who believed that the army could not win and that dealing with Saladin was necessary.

Richard sought a truce with Saladin, resulting in the Christians retaining control of the coastal territory

and allowing Christian pilgrims access to Jerusalem's holy shrines.

Richard sailed from Acre on October 9, 1192, marking the end of the Third Crusade.

=== Second Crusade ===
Conrad and Louis did not consult with the leaders of Outremer (the Crusader states) before embarking on the Second Crusade.

The crusaders' initial goal was to recapture Edessa, which had been destroyed in 1146.

However, the leaders in Outremer had not communicated to Conrad and Louis that this objective was no longer feasible.

As late as February 1148, Conrad wrote a letter expressing his intention to take Edessa, indicating the lack of knowledge among the crusaders about the situation on the ground.

Upon discovering that Edessa could not be recaptured, the crusaders had to spend four months, from March to June 1148, establishing a new goal for the campaign. This delay hindered their progress into Outremer and incurred additional expenses in maintaining the crusading army.

== However ==
Unlike the unified leadership in the Second Crusade

There is a long-term rivalry between the House of Capet, the rulers of France, and the House of Plantagenet, the rulers of England ('''Angevin Capetian conflict)'''

Although

Frederick Barbarossa and Richard are both effective leaders

The rivalries between Richard and Philip hindered the Third Crusade to some extent

=== Betrothal of Richard and Alice ===
Richard wanted to marry Berengaria of Navarre for an alliance against his old enemy Count Raymond of Toulouse.

He hid this plan from Philip.

=== Rival claims to Jerusalem ===
Two rival claimants:

Conrad: Philip’s cousin

Guy: feudatory of Richard

Increased the strain on the crusade

When Richard arrived at Tyre on 6 June

Conrad refused to allow him entry

Richard was therefore forced to sail directly to Acre and begin the siege without any respite

It caused a delay in the attempt to retake Jerusalem

Because it took so long to make any decisions

When Acre surrendered on 12 July 1191

It took 28 days to decide who the ruler would be

=== European Politics ===
Philip returned to France before the Third Crusade was over

John began to explore an alliance with King Philip II of France, who had returned from the crusade in late 1191.

This made Richard anxious and he recommended withdrawal

In the end the third crusade had not recaptured Jerusalem