正在編輯用戶:Hinnia/沙盒/History Notes (Leadership

== First Crusade Motivations ==

== First Crusade Leadership ==

=== Leadership ===

* Certainly responsible for success
* No single commander in chief
* No kings
* '''Henry IV''' and '''Philip I''' excommunicated
* Princes from various parts of Europe

=== Initial Division ===

==== Attitude towards Pope ====

* '''German''' and '''Lotharingians''' supporters of Henry IV
* '''Raymond of Toulouse''' supported Pope

==== Attitude towards Alexius ====

* '''Raymond of Toulouse''' was happy to swear Allegiance
* '''Bohemond''' did not wish to be subject to Alexius’s power

==== Attitude towards Power and Land ====

* Bohemond and Tancred seeking land
* '''Robert of Normandy''' seeking indulgence

=== First Wave: People’s Crusade ===

* Peasants army led by '''Peter the Hermit''' and '''Walter Sansavoir'''
* Caused a lot of trouble
* Shipped across to Asia Minor within a week
* Slaughtered by '''Kilij Arslan'''
* Shows how terrible the crusade could have gone without good leadership even with a divided Muslim enemy

=== Council of Princes ===

* If the crusade was to succeed
** Had to '''overcome differences'''
* Set '''hierarchical chain of command'''
** Provided a forum in the absence of a single commander for decisions to be reached jointly
* Took '''Nicea'''
** With the help of '''Tacticius'''
* '''Two wave strategy'''
** Worked well
** Suck up pressure from Kilij Arslan
* '''Dorylaeum'''
** Bohemond and Robert of Normandy attacked by the Turks
** Two princes took up a defensive position
** With the support of the second wave made the Turks retreat
** Secures Asia Minor

=== Bohemond Leadership ===

==== Capture of Antioch ====

* Foraging Strategy
** Raymond foraged in Ruj Valley
** Tancred in areas surrounding Harim
** Ensured supplies
** Helped them survive
* Financial Support
** '''Raymond of Toulouse''' was very wealthy
** Used this money to help the Crusaders
** Built '''La Mahomerie'''
* Secret Negotiations
** Negotiations with someone inside the city
** Allowed access to Antioch

===== Secure of Antioch =====

* Bridge Gate
** Arranged for his troops to leavee
** '''Kerbogha'''’s troops at other gates would not be able to reach him as the river blocked their path
* 7 divisions
** Each with a clear leader
** Help keep the army in formation
** Thinned out force of Kerbogha
** While convincing Kerbogha that his army was not an all-out offensive
* Kept back extra troops in a separate division
** Rearguard
** Stopped Kerbogha’s first relief force from supporting main force

=== Siege of Jerusalem ===

* 5 weeks, rather than 7.5 months like Antioch
* Tactical genius shown
* Crusade leadership maintain unity to the end
* Range of strategies
* Siege tower to enter Jerusalem
* Eastern wall (vulnerable)

=== Other factors ===

==== Popular pressure ====

* Disagreements after the siege of Antioch
* Crusade faced paralysis
* Stopped for 6 months
* Only because of popular pressure that the First Crusade continued

==== Muslim World ====

* Divided into '''Shia''' and '''Sunni'''
* Sunni would rather align with Crusaders against Shia and vice versa
* Key Central Leaders died at the same time
** Caused political fragmentation
** By 1097-99 there was a power vacuum in Asia Miinor
* Princes faced small rival lordships
* Muslims failed to recognise the crusade as an army of religious conquest
* Gave the Crusaders an advantage

== Second Crusade Motivations ==

== Second Crusade Leadership ==

=== Leaders ===

* '''Eugenius''' has tight control of preaching
** No peoples crusade
* Proper Kings
** '''Louis VII''', the king of France
** '''Conrad III''', the king of Germany
** State power and resources
* Unified before heading to Outremer
** Louis deliberately went with Conrad by land
** Avoid antagonising Conrad
*** Conrad was in conflict with Scicily
** In return Conrad offered fleet at Regensburg
* Supposed to be successful
** Not the case
** Failure largely due to bad leadership

=== German Campaign (Octobebr 1147 to June 1148) ===

* Departed with '''8 days of supplies, estimating a 20-day journey'''
* Assuming they could acquire supplies along the way
* Plan did not go as expected
** '''Overconfidence''' and the lack of control by Manuel I
* The crusaders were ambushed by the Turks near '''Dorylaeum'''.
* Retreat to Nicaea with a casualty rate of around '''17 percent'''.

=== Failure to consult leaders of the crusader states ===

* Did not consult with the leaders of Outremer (the Crusader states)
* Initial goal: recapture Edessa
** But was destroyed in 1146
** Still had same goal in 1148 (Conrad letter)
** Spent four months to establish new goal
** Hindered progress into Outremer
** Incurred additional expenses
* Did not adequately respond to the needs of all the Crusader states
** Antioch plam, which reflected northern interests
** Jerusalem plan, which focused on the threat faced by the south
** Decided to head south to Damascus
* Contributed to delays and misalignment of objectives during the Second Crusade.

=== Siege of Damascus 1148 ===

* Began successfully
* Attack by '''King Baldwin III's troops''' supported by Louis VII's soldiers.
* Conrad III made significant gains
* Goal was to attack the city walls and defeat the garrison
* Changed their plan and attacked a weak point in the eastern walls.
* Bad decision
** No water or food
** Exhaustion and retreat after three days.
** Ended unsuccessfully.

=== Other factors ===

==== Muslim world ====

* Far more untied
* Much more powerful enemy when compared with first crusade
* 1105: '''Al Sulami''' first preaches jihad
* 1146 '''Nur ad-Din''' deployed Jihad

==== Lack of support from the Byzantines ====

* First Crusade received support from the Byzantine Empire
* Taticius sent to provide crucial guidance and support in battle.
* Second Crusade Manuel I did not have good relations with the two kings
* He did not provide the same support
* Also had a treaty with the Turks
* Betrayed the crusader’s location or plans for their enemy