正在編輯用戶:Hinnia/沙盒/History Notes (Leadership （章節）

== First Crusade Leadership ==

=== Leadership ===

* Certainly responsible for success
* No single commander in chief
* No kings
* '''Henry IV''' and '''Philip I''' excommunicated
* Princes from various parts of Europe

=== Initial Division ===

==== Attitude towards Pope ====

* '''German''' and '''Lotharingians''' supporters of Henry IV
* '''Raymond of Toulouse''' supported Pope

==== Attitude towards Alexius ====

* '''Raymond of Toulouse''' was happy to swear Allegiance
* '''Bohemond''' did not wish to be subject to Alexius’s power

==== Attitude towards Power and Land ====

* Bohemond and Tancred seeking land
* '''Robert of Normandy''' seeking indulgence

=== First Wave: People’s Crusade ===

* Peasants army led by '''Peter the Hermit''' and '''Walter Sansavoir'''
* Caused a lot of trouble
* Shipped across to Asia Minor within a week
* Slaughtered by '''Kilij Arslan'''
* Shows how terrible the crusade could have gone without good leadership even with a divided Muslim enemy

=== Council of Princes ===

* If the crusade was to succeed
** Had to '''overcome differences'''
* Set '''hierarchical chain of command'''
** Provided a forum in the absence of a single commander for decisions to be reached jointly
* Took '''Nicea'''
** With the help of '''Tacticius'''
* '''Two wave strategy'''
** Worked well
** Suck up pressure from Kilij Arslan
* '''Dorylaeum'''
** Bohemond and Robert of Normandy attacked by the Turks
** Two princes took up a defensive position
** With the support of the second wave made the Turks retreat
** Secures Asia Minor

=== Bohemond Leadership ===

==== Capture of Antioch ====

* Foraging Strategy
** Raymond foraged in Ruj Valley
** Tancred in areas surrounding Harim
** Ensured supplies
** Helped them survive
* Financial Support
** '''Raymond of Toulouse''' was very wealthy
** Used this money to help the Crusaders
** Built '''La Mahomerie'''
* Secret Negotiations
** Negotiations with someone inside the city
** Allowed access to Antioch

===== Secure of Antioch =====

* Bridge Gate
** Arranged for his troops to leavee
** '''Kerbogha'''’s troops at other gates would not be able to reach him as the river blocked their path
* 7 divisions
** Each with a clear leader
** Help keep the army in formation
** Thinned out force of Kerbogha
** While convincing Kerbogha that his army was not an all-out offensive
* Kept back extra troops in a separate division
** Rearguard
** Stopped Kerbogha’s first relief force from supporting main force

=== Siege of Jerusalem ===

* 5 weeks, rather than 7.5 months like Antioch
* Tactical genius shown
* Crusade leadership maintain unity to the end
* Range of strategies
* Siege tower to enter Jerusalem
* Eastern wall (vulnerable)

=== Other factors ===

==== Popular pressure ====

* Disagreements after the siege of Antioch
* Crusade faced paralysis
* Stopped for 6 months
* Only because of popular pressure that the First Crusade continued

==== Muslim World ====

* Divided into '''Shia''' and '''Sunni'''
* Sunni would rather align with Crusaders against Shia and vice versa
* Key Central Leaders died at the same time
** Caused political fragmentation
** By 1097-99 there was a power vacuum in Asia Miinor
* Princes faced small rival lordships
* Muslims failed to recognise the crusade as an army of religious conquest
* Gave the Crusaders an advantage