正在編輯用戶:Hinnia/沙盒/History Notes (Leadership

== First Crusade Leadership ==

=== Leadership ===

* Certainly responsible for success
* No single commander in chief
* No kings
* '''Henry IV''' and '''Philip I''' excommunicated
* Princes from various parts of Europe

=== Initial Division ===

==== Attitude towards Pope ====

* '''German''' and '''Lotharingians''' supporters of Henry IV
* '''Raymond of Toulouse''' supported Pope

==== Attitude towards Alexius ====

* '''Raymond of Toulouse''' was happy to swear Allegiance
* '''Bohemond''' did not wish to be subject to Alexius’s power

==== Attitude towards Power and Land ====

* Bohemond and Tancred seeking land
* '''Robert of Normandy''' seeking indulgence

=== First Wave: People’s Crusade ===

* Peasants army led by '''Peter the Hermit''' and '''Walter Sansavoir'''
* Caused a lot of trouble
* Shipped across to Asia Minor within a week
* Slaughtered by '''Kilij Arslan'''
* Shows how terrible the crusade could have gone without good leadership even with a divided Muslim enemy

=== Council of Princes ===

* If the crusade was to succeed
** Had to '''overcome differences'''
* Set '''hierarchical chain of command'''
** Provided a forum in the absence of a single commander for decisions to be reached jointly
* Took '''Nicea'''
** With the help of '''Tacticius'''
* '''Two wave strategy'''
** Worked well
** Suck up pressure from Kilij Arslan
* '''Dorylaeum'''
** Bohemond and Robert of Normandy attacked by the Turks
** Two princes took up a defensive position
** With the support of the second wave made the Turks retreat
** Secures Asia Minor

=== Bohemond Leadership ===

==== Capture of Antioch ====

* Foraging Strategy
** Raymond foraged in Ruj Valley
** Tancred in areas surrounding Harim
** Ensured supplies
** Helped them survive
* Financial Support
** '''Raymond of Toulouse''' was very wealthy
** Used this money to help the Crusaders
** Built '''La Mahomerie'''
* Secret Negotiations
** Negotiations with someone inside the city
** Allowed access to Antioch

===== Secure of Antioch =====

* Bridge Gate
** Arranged for his troops to leavee
** '''Kerbogha'''’s troops at other gates would not be able to reach him as the river blocked their path
* 7 divisions
** Each with a clear leader
** Help keep the army in formation
** Thinned out force of Kerbogha
** While convincing Kerbogha that his army was not an all-out offensive
* Kept back extra troops in a separate division
** Rearguard
** Stopped Kerbogha’s first relief force from supporting main force

=== Siege of Jerusalem ===

* 5 weeks, rather than 7.5 months like Antioch
* Tactical genius shown
* Crusade leadership maintain unity to the end
* Range of strategies
* Siege tower to enter Jerusalem
* Eastern wall (vulnerable)

=== Other factors ===

==== Popular pressure ====

* Disagreements after the siege of Antioch
* Crusade faced paralysis
* Stopped for 6 months
* Only because of popular pressure that the First Crusade continued

==== Muslim World ====

* Divided into '''Shia''' and '''Sunni'''
* Sunni would rather align with Crusaders against Shia and vice versa
* Key Central Leaders died at the same time
** Caused political fragmentation
** By 1097-99 there was a power vacuum in Asia Miinor
* Princes faced small rival lordships
* Muslims failed to recognise the crusade as an army of religious conquest
* Gave the Crusaders an advantage

== Second Crusade Leadership ==

=== Leaders ===

* '''Eugenius''' has tight control of preaching
** No peoples crusade
* Proper Kings
** '''Louis VII''', the king of France
** '''Conrad III''', the king of Germany
** State power and resources
* Unified before heading to Outremer
** Louis deliberately went with Conrad by land
** Avoid antagonising Conrad
*** Conrad was in conflict with Scicily
** In return Conrad offered fleet at Regensburg
* Supposed to be successful
** Not the case
** Failure largely due to bad leadership

=== German Campaign (Octobebr 1147 to June 1148) ===

* Departed with '''8 days of supplies, estimating a 20-day journey'''
* Assuming they could acquire supplies along the way
* Plan did not go as expected
** '''Overconfidence''' and the lack of control by Manuel I
* The crusaders were ambushed by the Turks near '''Dorylaeum'''.
* Retreat to Nicaea with a casualty rate of around '''17 percent'''.

=== Failure to consult leaders of the crusader states ===

* Did not consult with the leaders of Outremer (the Crusader states)
* Initial goal: '''recapture Edessa'''
** But was '''destroyed in 1146'''
** Still had same goal in '''1148 (Conrad letter)'''
** Spent '''four months to establish new goal'''
** Hindered progress into Outremer
** Incurred additional expenses
* Did not adequately respond to the needs of all the Crusader states
** Antioch plan, which reflected northern interests
** Jerusalem plan, which focused on the threat faced by the south
** '''Decided to head south to Damascus'''
* Contributed to delays and misalignment of objectives during the Second Crusade.

=== Siege of Damascus 1148 ===

* Began successfully
* Attack by '''King Baldwin III's troops''' supported by Louis VII's soldiers.
* Conrad III made significant gains
* Goal was to attack the city walls and defeat the garrison
* Changed their plan and attacked a weak point in the eastern walls.
* '''Bad decision'''
** No water or food
** Exhaustion and retreat after three days.
** Ended unsuccessfully.

=== Other factors ===

==== Muslim world ====

* Far more untied
* Much more powerful enemy when compared with first crusade
* 1105: '''Al Sulami''' first preaches jihad
* 1146 '''Nur ad-Din''' deployed Jihad

==== Lack of support from the Byzantines ====

* First Crusade '''received support from the Byzantine Empire'''
* Taticius sent to provide crucial guidance and support in battle.
* Second Crusade '''Manuel I did not have good relations''' with the two kings
* He did not provide the same support
* Also had a '''treaty with the Turks'''
* '''Betrayed''' the crusader’s location or plans for their enemy

== Third Crusade ==

=== Greater Enemy ===

* '''Saladin'''
** United Syria and Egypt
** '''1187: Captured Jerusalem''' in the Battle of Hattin
** Christian control of Outremer '''reduced to Tripoli and Antioch'''.
** 1189: Crusader states were in a desperate situation.
* In the Third crusade
** Saladin was at the '''peak of Jihadi strength'''
* Meanwhile in the second crusade
** The crusaders faced a Muslim enemy at the beginning of Jihadi strength

=== German First Wave ===

* Most effective crusading first wave
** Led by '''Frederick Barbarossa''' of Germany, aged 70, with 15k soldiers.
* However
** German participation began and ended unsuccessfully before Richard I and Philip II arrived.
** Byzantine had grown closer to the Turks
** Had an agreement with Saladin to delay the German journey.
** Frederick's army faced challenges and was not welcomed in the Byzantine Empire.
** Isaac prevented markets from being set up, cutting off German supplies.
** Troops seized control of Plovdiv
** Achieved a decisive victory against the Byzantines at Dhidimotikon.
** Frederick's troops were allowed to cross the Dardanelles in March.
** Captured Konya
** Frederick drowned while crossing River Goksu
* Frederick's death fractured the army and prevented it from turning the tide of the siege.

=== Richard I's Leadership ===

==== Sicily ====

* Went to Messina to collect his sister's dowry from '''Count Tancred of Lecce'''.
* Tancred refused
* Richard attacked Messina and gained control on October 4.
* Richard extorted '''40,000 gold ounces''' from Tancred to finance the crusade.

==== Cyprus ====

* Encountered missing ships that were stranded on Cyprus when leaving Sicily
* Invaded Cyprus
* Sold the island to the Templars for '''100,000 bezants'''.

==== Acre ====

* Philip arrived at Acre providing vital support for the siege.
* Richard joined Philip with his fleet and participated in the siege.
* Together, their forces destroyed the walls of Acre, and the Muslim garrison surrendered.
* A month-long '''argument over the king of Jerusalem''' delayed progress after the surrender.
* Guy became king for life, followed by Conrad.
* Philip returned to France on July 31, 1191, leaving Richard as the clear commander of the crusade.

==== Jaffa ====

* Richard initiated a plan to reclaim territory along the coast of Outremer
* Began a 70-mile march towards Jaffa.
* Well organised army
* Knights '''divided into three divisions''' and marching in columns.
* '''Infantry protected the knights''' from raids and surprise attacks
* Baggage train marched on the right.
* Leadership and careful planning '''ensured the safe arrival''' of the crusaders at Jaffa.
* Monitored the march formation closely and made preparations to maintain its integrity.

=== Consulting Local Leaders ===

* Goal of the Third Crusade: Recapture Jerusalem
* Army advanced towards Jerusalem
* Listened to advice from the Templars and Hospitallers
* Believed that the army could not win and that dealing with Saladin was necessary.
* Turned back to refortify the abandoned city of Ascalon.
* Sought a '''truce''' with Saladin
* Christians retaining control of the coastal territory
* Christian pilgrims allowed access to Jerusalem's holy shrines.

=== However ===
<nowiki>*</nowiki>Most disunited leadership

==== Angevian Capetian conflict ====

* Long-term rivalry
* Frederick Barbarossa and Richard are both effective leaders
* The rivalries between Richard and Philip hindered the Third Crusade to some extent

==== Betrothal of Richard and Alice ====

* Richard wanted to marry '''Berengaria''' of Navarre
** For an alliance against his old enemy '''Count Raymond of Toulouse'''.
** but was already betrothed to Alice, Philip's sister
* He hid this plan from Philip.

==== Rival claims to Jerusalem ====

* Two rival claimants:
** '''Conrad: Philip’s cousin'''
** '''Guy: feudatory of Richard'''
* Increased the strain on the crusade
* When Richard arrived at Tyre on 6 June
** Conrad refused to allow him entry
** Richard forced to sail directly to Acre and begin the siege without any respite
* Caused delay in the attempt to retake Jerusalem