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<p>建立內容為「= Why it Failed = == Papacy == Considerable responsibility Innocent III was young and ambitious Seeks to create a new crusade to establish a papal monarchy based on papacy not kings Saw the failure of the second crusade and limited success of the third crusade as consequences of secular powers controlling crusades 1148 Siege of Damascus failed because of kings Jerusalem wasn’t secured because of kings === Crusade Concentrated on Papacy === ==== Rec…」的新頁面</p> <p><b>新頁面</b></p><div>= Why it Failed =<br /> <br /> == Papacy ==<br /> Considerable responsibility<br /> <br /> Innocent III was young and ambitious<br /> <br /> Seeks to create a new crusade to establish a papal monarchy based on papacy not kings<br /> <br /> Saw the failure of the second crusade and limited success of the third crusade as consequences of secular powers controlling crusades<br /> <br /> 1148 Siege of Damascus failed because of kings<br /> <br /> Jerusalem wasn’t secured because of kings<br /> <br /> === Crusade Concentrated on Papacy ===<br /> <br /> ==== Recruitment ====<br /> Plenary indulgence to those who funds<br /> <br /> Reduce vow by a year<br /> <br /> Don’t have to ask wife<br /> <br /> ==== Finance ====<br /> 1/30 tax on bishops<br /> <br /> 1/40 tax on church<br /> <br /> Saladin tithe<br /> <br /> Chests in churches<br /> <br /> Crusade is to be free from lay financial control<br /> <br /> ==== Leadership ====<br /> Focus not on kings but on papal office of the business of the cross<br /> <br /> Puts in place key papal preachers with a papal mandate such as Fulk<br /> <br /> Accused of embezzlement<br /> <br /> Puts in place palal legates such as Peter of Capuano and Soffredo<br /> <br /> Failed to persuade kings to join<br /> <br /> Leaders caused the crusade to divert to Zara and Constantinople<br /> <br /> Failure was to some degree his responsibility<br /> <br /> === Too absolutist ===<br /> Presumes that the world will do his bidding<br /> <br /> Fails to understand that he needs kings for taxation, fleets and chivalric culture<br /> <br /> ==== Unrealistic Demands from Peter of Capuano ====<br /> Failed to secure either Richard or Philip because of unrealistic demands<br /> <br /> Required Richard to release Philip of Beauvais<br /> <br /> Required Philip to take back his former wife Ingeborg of Denmark and remove his new wife Agnes of Meran<br /> <br /> ==== Chivalric culture ====<br /> Without participation of Kings<br /> <br /> Lower lords will not come<br /> <br /> === Flawed model for crusading ===<br /> Sets date for crusade starting in 6 months rather than 3 yrs which took 3rd crusade to prepare<br /> <br /> Only 12k turned up<br /> <br /> == Leadership ==<br /> <br /> === Venetian Debt ===<br /> <br /> * Crusade leadership knew there were problem in recruitment<br /> ** Timing was problematic<br /> ** Unachievable goal of 33.5k men<br /> *** Frederick Barbarossa only had 15k men<br /> **** Considered to be largest in crusade history<br /> *** Insufficienet arriving<br /> * Went ahead and signed the disastrous Treaty of Venice with Doge of Venice April 1201<br /> * Construction of a fleet capable of transporting 33.5k crusaders<br /> * Only had 12k men<br /> * Now had 34k mark debt (double income of King John)<br /> <br /> === Thibaut of Champagne’s death ===<br /> <br /> * Passed on responsibility to Reynald of Dampierre<br /> * Crusaders turned to Boniface<br /> ** 1201 oath<br /> * Undermined further problems of recruitment<br /> ** Lost Champagne support<br /> ** Reynald sailed directly to Outremer<br /> * Boniface was Italian<br /> ** Friction with the mainly French leadership<br /> * Boniface’s alliances created further friction<br /> ** Friends with Philip of Swabia<br /> *** Pope’s enemy in imperial succession crisis<br /> ** Closely tied with Byzantium<br /> *** Wife (Irene Angelus was daughter of deposed Emperor Isaac Angelus)<br /> <br /> === Failure to ensure that going to Venice was clearly demanded of all crusaders ===<br /> <br /> * Only knights of Champagne, Flanders, Blois, Saint-Pol and Montferrat agreed to meet in Venice<br /> * Many other crusaders, such as Flanders, sailed by more convenient means<br /> * Objective of attacking Alexandria was kept secret<br /> ** Not aware of the importance of Venice<br /> * Growing doubts among leaders<br /> ** Louis of Blois tried to back out of it initially<br /> ** About 300 knights sailed to Outremer rather than travelling to Outremer directly<br /> <br /> === Zara ===<br /> <br /> * Dandolo offered to commute debt if crusaders captured the christian city of Zara for Venice<br /> ** Defiance of papal order<br /> ** Ignored papal letter threatening excommunication<br /> * Still insufficient to pay off debt<br /> <br /> === Constantinople ===<br /> <br /> * Plans to reinstate Prince Alexius Angelus<br /> ** Clear defiance of papal wishes<br /> * Ignored papal letter threatening excommunication again<br /> ** Sent Peter of Capuano to Acre<br /> ** Papal legate absent from crusade<br /> * Still insufficient to pay off debt<br /> ** 12 April crusaders began to attack Constantinople</div>

Hinnia