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* Did not consult with the leaders of Outremer (the Crusader states) | * Did not consult with the leaders of Outremer (the Crusader states) | ||
* Initial goal: recapture Edessa | * Initial goal: '''recapture Edessa''' | ||
** But was destroyed in 1146 | ** But was '''destroyed in 1146''' | ||
** Still had same goal in 1148 (Conrad letter) | ** Still had same goal in '''1148 (Conrad letter)''' | ||
** Spent four months to establish new goal | ** Spent '''four months to establish new goal''' | ||
** Hindered progress into Outremer | ** Hindered progress into Outremer | ||
** Incurred additional expenses | ** Incurred additional expenses | ||
* Did not adequately respond to the needs of all the Crusader states | * Did not adequately respond to the needs of all the Crusader states | ||
** Antioch | ** Antioch plan, which reflected northern interests | ||
** Jerusalem plan, which focused on the threat faced by the south | ** Jerusalem plan, which focused on the threat faced by the south | ||
** Decided to head south to Damascus | ** '''Decided to head south to Damascus''' | ||
* Contributed to delays and misalignment of objectives during the Second Crusade. | * Contributed to delays and misalignment of objectives during the Second Crusade. | ||
| 第161行： | 第161行： | ||
* Goal was to attack the city walls and defeat the garrison | * Goal was to attack the city walls and defeat the garrison | ||
* Changed their plan and attacked a weak point in the eastern walls. | * Changed their plan and attacked a weak point in the eastern walls. | ||
* Bad decision | * '''Bad decision''' | ||
** No water or food | ** No water or food | ||
** Exhaustion and retreat after three days. | ** Exhaustion and retreat after three days. | ||
| 第177行： | 第177行： | ||
==== Lack of support from the Byzantines ==== | ==== Lack of support from the Byzantines ==== | ||
* First Crusade received support from the Byzantine Empire | * First Crusade '''received support from the Byzantine Empire''' | ||
* Taticius sent to provide crucial guidance and support in battle. | * Taticius sent to provide crucial guidance and support in battle. | ||
* Second Crusade Manuel I did not have good relations with the two kings | * Second Crusade '''Manuel I did not have good relations''' with the two kings | ||
* He did not provide the same support | * He did not provide the same support | ||
* Also had a treaty with the Turks | * Also had a '''treaty with the Turks''' | ||
* Betrayed the crusader’s location or plans for their enemy | * '''Betrayed''' the crusader’s location or plans for their enemy | ||
== Third Crusade == | == Third Crusade == | ||
| 第188行： | 第188行： | ||
=== Greater Enemy === | === Greater Enemy === | ||
* Saladin | * '''Saladin''' | ||
** United Syria and Egypt | ** United Syria and Egypt | ||
** 1187: Captured Jerusalem in the Battle of Hattin | ** '''1187: Captured Jerusalem''' in the Battle of Hattin | ||
** Christian control of Outremer reduced to Tripoli and Antioch. | ** Christian control of Outremer '''reduced to Tripoli and Antioch'''. | ||
** 1189: Crusader states were in a desperate situation. | ** 1189: Crusader states were in a desperate situation. | ||
* In the Third crusade | * In the Third crusade | ||
** Saladin was at the peak of Jihadi strength | ** Saladin was at the '''peak of Jihadi strength''' | ||
* Meanwhile in the second crusade | * Meanwhile in the second crusade | ||
** The crusaders faced a Muslim enemy at the beginning of Jihadi strength | ** The crusaders faced a Muslim enemy at the beginning of Jihadi strength | ||
| 第201行： | 第201行： | ||
* Most effective crusading first wave | * Most effective crusading first wave | ||
** Led by Frederick Barbarossa of Germany, aged 70, with 15k soldiers. | ** Led by '''Frederick Barbarossa''' of Germany, aged 70, with 15k soldiers. | ||
* However | * However | ||
** German participation began and ended unsuccessfully before Richard I and Philip II arrived. | ** German participation began and ended unsuccessfully before Richard I and Philip II arrived. | ||
| 第219行： | 第219行： | ||
==== Sicily ==== | ==== Sicily ==== | ||
* Went to Messina to collect his sister's dowry from Count Tancred of Lecce. | * Went to Messina to collect his sister's dowry from '''Count Tancred of Lecce'''. | ||
* Tancred refused | * Tancred refused | ||
* Richard attacked Messina and gained control on October 4. | * Richard attacked Messina and gained control on October 4. | ||
* Richard extorted 40,000 gold ounces from Tancred to finance the crusade. | * Richard extorted '''40,000 gold ounces''' from Tancred to finance the crusade. | ||
==== Cyprus ==== | ==== Cyprus ==== | ||
| 第228行： | 第228行： | ||
* Encountered missing ships that were stranded on Cyprus when leaving Sicily | * Encountered missing ships that were stranded on Cyprus when leaving Sicily | ||
* Invaded Cyprus | * Invaded Cyprus | ||
* Sold the island to the Templars for 100,000 bezants. | * Sold the island to the Templars for '''100,000 bezants'''. | ||
==== Acre ==== | ==== Acre ==== | ||
| 第235行： | 第235行： | ||
* Richard joined Philip with his fleet and participated in the siege. | * Richard joined Philip with his fleet and participated in the siege. | ||
* Together, their forces destroyed the walls of Acre, and the Muslim garrison surrendered. | * Together, their forces destroyed the walls of Acre, and the Muslim garrison surrendered. | ||
* A month-long argument over the king of Jerusalem delayed progress after the surrender. | * A month-long '''argument over the king of Jerusalem''' delayed progress after the surrender. | ||
* Guy | * Guy became king for life, followed by Conrad. | ||
* Philip returned to France on July 31, 1191, leaving Richard as the clear commander of the crusade. | * Philip returned to France on July 31, 1191, leaving Richard as the clear commander of the crusade. | ||
| 第244行： | 第244行： | ||
* Began a 70-mile march towards Jaffa. | * Began a 70-mile march towards Jaffa. | ||
* Well organised army | * Well organised army | ||
* Knights divided into three divisions and marching in columns. | * Knights '''divided into three divisions''' and marching in columns. | ||
* Infantry protected the knights from raids and surprise attacks | * '''Infantry protected the knights''' from raids and surprise attacks | ||
* Baggage train marched on the right. | * Baggage train marched on the right. | ||
* Leadership and careful planning ensured the safe arrival of the crusaders at Jaffa. | * Leadership and careful planning '''ensured the safe arrival''' of the crusaders at Jaffa. | ||
* Monitored the march formation closely and made preparations to maintain its integrity. | * Monitored the march formation closely and made preparations to maintain its integrity. | ||
=== Consulting Local Leaders === | === Consulting Local Leaders === | ||
Army advanced towards Jerusalem | * Goal of the Third Crusade: Recapture Jerusalem | ||
* Army advanced towards Jerusalem | |||
Listened to advice from the Templars and Hospitallers | * Listened to advice from the Templars and Hospitallers | ||
* Believed that the army could not win and that dealing with Saladin was necessary. | |||
Believed that the army could not win and that dealing with Saladin was necessary. | * Turned back to refortify the abandoned city of Ascalon. | ||
* Sought a '''truce''' with Saladin | |||
Turned back to refortify the abandoned city of Ascalon. | * Christians retaining control of the coastal territory | ||
* Christian pilgrims allowed access to Jerusalem's holy shrines. | |||
Sought a truce with Saladin | |||
Christians retaining control of the coastal territory | |||
Christian pilgrims allowed access to Jerusalem's holy shrines. | |||
=== However === | === However === | ||
| 第278行： | 第272行： | ||
==== Betrothal of Richard and Alice ==== | ==== Betrothal of Richard and Alice ==== | ||
* Richard wanted to marry Berengaria of Navarre | * Richard wanted to marry '''Berengaria''' of Navarre | ||
** For an alliance against his old enemy Count Raymond of Toulouse. | ** For an alliance against his old enemy '''Count Raymond of Toulouse'''. | ||
** but was already betrothed to Alice, Philip's sister | |||
* He hid this plan from Philip. | * He hid this plan from Philip. | ||
| 第285行： | 第280行： | ||
* Two rival claimants: | * Two rival claimants: | ||
** Conrad: Philip’s cousin | ** '''Conrad: Philip’s cousin''' | ||
** Guy: feudatory of Richard | ** '''Guy: feudatory of Richard''' | ||
* Increased the strain on the crusade | * Increased the strain on the crusade | ||
* When Richard arrived at Tyre on 6 June | * When Richard arrived at Tyre on 6 June | ||