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== Essay Introduction ==
The Battle of Hastings in 1066 marked a '''crucial turning point in English history'''. The victory of William, Duke of Normandy, over Harold Godwinson of England had '''far-reaching consequences'''. This essay aims to assess the extent to which (William's skills/Harold's mistakes) contributed to his triumph in the Hastings campaign. While (William's skills/Harold's mistakes) such as... played a significant role, it is important to acknowledge that (Harold's mistakes/William's skills) and other factors also influenced the outcome of the battle.
== William's Skills ==
== William's Skills ==


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* Good tactics: '''besieging'''
* Good tactics: '''besieging'''
* Good '''knowledge of army divisions'''
* Good '''knowledge of army divisions'''
* Knew how to build take and defend '''castles'''
* Knew how to build, take and defend '''castles'''
* '''Alencon''' besieged and caused Castles to surrender
* '''Alencon''' besieged and caused Castles to surrender
* Known for his '''careful preparation'''
* Known for his '''careful preparation'''
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=== Preparation ===
=== Preparation ===


* Harold fell into '''William's trap'''
==== Harold fell into '''William's trap''' ====
** William ravaged land to gain Harold's attention and '''make him come to Hastings asap'''
* William ravaged land to gain Harold's attention and '''make him come to Hastings asap'''
*** So that Harold would have a '''tired and unprepared''' troop
** So that Harold would have a '''tired and unprepared''' troop
** Possibly the result of a '''personal desire to avenge''' the damage done to his land
* Possibly the result of a '''personal desire to avenge''' the damage done to his ancestral land
** Harold travelled '''350km down Ermine Street''' after the Battle of Stamford bridge
* Harold travelled '''350km down Ermine Street''' after the Battle of Stamford bridge
*** Left his troops exhausted
** Left his troops exhausted
** The decision to force an early confrontation can be seen as '''reckless''' in the extreme
* The decision to force an early confrontation can be seen as '''reckless''' in the extreme


* Left his '''Archers and Edwin and Morcar''' at Stamford Bridge
* Left his '''Archers and Edwin and Morcar''' at Stamford Bridge
* Stopped to pray at '''Walton Abbey''' and wasted time
 
* Allowed himself to become a '''victim of Norman propaganda'''
==== Stopped to pray at '''Walton Abbey''' and wasted time ====
** Drinking and partying after defeating Tostig
 
===== Allowed himself to become a '''victim of Norman propaganda''' =====
* '''Drinking and partying after defeating Tostig'''
* Accoridng to the '''Bayeux Tapestry'''
** During the '''1064 Campaign to Normandy'''
** Harold travelled to Normandy
** '''Swore an oath''' that he would support William’s claim to the English crown
*** If Edward the Confessor die without an heir
** When Harold enthroned himself
*** William used this to justify his invasion
** Harold '''allowed himself to become a victim of Norman propaganda'''
** Did not defend himself against Norman allegations with Alexander II
** Did not defend himself against Norman allegations with Alexander II
** Damaged the morale of Harold's army
*** Damaged the morale of Harold's army and helped William recruit men


=== Battle ===
=== Battle ===


* Had to '''move south under conditions favourable to William''' due to the raiding of the surrounding area
==== Had to '''move south under conditions favourable to William''' due to the raiding of the surrounding area ====
** Waiting would have allowed Harold to assemble an overwhelming army
* Waiting would have allowed Harold to assemble an overwhelming army
*** His army was '''already roughly the same size''' as William's army
** His army was '''already roughly the same size''' as William's army
**** However they were '''underprepared, under strength and tired'''
*** However they were '''underprepared, under strength and tired'''
**** '''Untrained peasants''' were also behind huscarls in the shield war
*** '''Untrained peasants''' were also behind '''huscarls''' in the shield war
**** Not the same as William's trained force
*** Not the same as William's trained force
* '''Lacked inspiration''' during the battle
 
** Stuck tactically with the '''shield wall'''
==== '''Lacked inspiration''' during the battle ====
** Just hoping to wait it out
* Stuck tactically with the '''shield wall'''
* Just hoping to wait it out
* eventually it broke and Harold lost the war


=== However ===
=== However ===


* It can be argued that Harold '''did not have a choice'''
==== It can be argued that Harold '''did not have a choice''' ====
** If he did not react fast enough William might have kept on ravaging land and the country would still fall to him
* If he did not react fast enough '''William might have kept on ravaging land''' and the country would still fall to him
** It can also be argued that it was to keep William trapped at Hastings and starve him of supplies or to try the element of surprise
* It can also be argued that it was to '''keep William trapped at Hastings''' and starve him of supplies or to try the element of surprise


== Other Factors ==
== Other Factors ==
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=== Unequal Armies ===
=== Unequal Armies ===


* Although roughly equal in size
* The two armies were unequal in terms of
* The two armies were unequal in terms of
** '''Type of soldier'''
** '''Type of soldier'''
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** '''Professionalism'''
** '''Professionalism'''
** '''Energy'''
** '''Energy'''
* William had an army with heavy cavalry and archers
* William had an army with '''heavy cavalry and archers'''
* Fighting on foot '''made it hard for Harold to stop the shield wall''' from breaking up if he needed to  
* Fighting on foot '''made it hard for Harold to stop the shield wall''' from breaking up if he needed to  


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