無編輯摘要
（建立內容為「== First Crusade Motivations == == First Crusade Leadership == === Leadership === * Certainly responsible for success * No single commander in chief * No kings * '''Henry IV''' and '''Philip I''' excommunicated * Princes from various parts of Europe === Initial Division === ==== Attitude towards Pope ==== * '''German''' and '''Lotharingians''' supporters of Henry IV * '''Raymond of Toulouse''' supported Pope ==== Attitude towards Alexius ==== * '''Ra…」的新頁面） |
無編輯摘要 |
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== First Crusade Leadership == | == First Crusade Leadership == | ||
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* Muslims failed to recognise the crusade as an army of religious conquest | * Muslims failed to recognise the crusade as an army of religious conquest | ||
* Gave the Crusaders an advantage | * Gave the Crusaders an advantage | ||
== Second Crusade Leadership == | == Second Crusade Leadership == | ||
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* Also had a treaty with the Turks | * Also had a treaty with the Turks | ||
* Betrayed the crusader’s location or plans for their enemy | * Betrayed the crusader’s location or plans for their enemy | ||
== Third Crusade == | |||
=== Greater Enemy === | |||
* Saladin | |||
** United Syria and Egypt | |||
** 1187: Captured Jerusalem in the Battle of Hattin | |||
** Christian control of Outremer reduced to Tripoli and Antioch. | |||
** 1189: Crusader states were in a desperate situation. | |||
* In the Third crusade | |||
** Saladin was at the peak of Jihadi strength | |||
* Meanwhile in the second crusade | |||
** The crusaders faced a Muslim enemy at the beginning of Jihadi strength | |||
=== German First Wave === | |||
* Most effective crusading first wave | |||
** Led by Frederick Barbarossa of Germany, aged 70, with 15k soldiers. | |||
* However | |||
** German participation began and ended unsuccessfully before Richard I and Philip II arrived. | |||
** Byzantine had grown closer to the Turks | |||
** Had an agreement with Saladin to delay the German journey. | |||
** Frederick's army faced challenges and was not welcomed in the Byzantine Empire. | |||
** Isaac prevented markets from being set up, cutting off German supplies. | |||
** Troops seized control of Plovdiv | |||
** Achieved a decisive victory against the Byzantines at Dhidimotikon. | |||
** Frederick's troops were allowed to cross the Dardanelles in March. | |||
** Captured Konya | |||
** Frederick drowned while crossing River Goksu | |||
* Frederick's death fractured the army and prevented it from turning the tide of the siege. | |||
=== Richard I's Leadership === | |||
==== Sicily ==== | |||
* Went to Messina to collect his sister's dowry from Count Tancred of Lecce. | |||
* Tancred refused | |||
* Richard attacked Messina and gained control on October 4. | |||
* Richard extorted 40,000 gold ounces from Tancred to finance the crusade. | |||
==== Cyprus ==== | |||
* Encountered missing ships that were stranded on Cyprus when leaving Sicily | |||
* Invaded Cyprus | |||
* Sold the island to the Templars for 100,000 bezants. | |||
==== Acre ==== | |||
* Philip arrived at Acre providing vital support for the siege. | |||
* Richard joined Philip with his fleet and participated in the siege. | |||
* Together, their forces destroyed the walls of Acre, and the Muslim garrison surrendered. | |||
* A month-long argument over the king of Jerusalem delayed progress after the surrender. | |||
* Guy Lusignan became king for life, followed by Conrad of Montferrat. | |||
* Philip returned to France on July 31, 1191, leaving Richard as the clear commander of the crusade. | |||
==== Jaffa ==== | |||
* Richard initiated a plan to reclaim territory along the coast of Outremer | |||
* Began a 70-mile march towards Jaffa. | |||
* Well organised army | |||
* Knights divided into three divisions and marching in columns. | |||
* Infantry protected the knights from raids and surprise attacks | |||
* Baggage train marched on the right. | |||
* Leadership and careful planning ensured the safe arrival of the crusaders at Jaffa. | |||
* Monitored the march formation closely and made preparations to maintain its integrity. | |||
=== Consulting Local Leaders === | |||
Goal of the Third Crusade: Recapture Jerusalem | |||
Army advanced towards Jerusalem | |||
Listened to advice from the Templars and Hospitallers | |||
Believed that the army could not win and that dealing with Saladin was necessary. | |||
Turned back to refortify the abandoned city of Ascalon. | |||
Sought a truce with Saladin | |||
Christians retaining control of the coastal territory | |||
Christian pilgrims allowed access to Jerusalem's holy shrines. | |||
=== However === | |||
<nowiki>*</nowiki>Most disunited leadership | |||
==== Angevian Capetian conflict ==== | |||
* Long-term rivalry | |||
* Frederick Barbarossa and Richard are both effective leaders | |||
* The rivalries between Richard and Philip hindered the Third Crusade to some extent | |||
==== Betrothal of Richard and Alice ==== | |||
* Richard wanted to marry Berengaria of Navarre | |||
** For an alliance against his old enemy Count Raymond of Toulouse. | |||
* He hid this plan from Philip. | |||
==== Rival claims to Jerusalem ==== | |||
* Two rival claimants: | |||
** Conrad: Philip’s cousin | |||
** Guy: feudatory of Richard | |||
* Increased the strain on the crusade | |||
* When Richard arrived at Tyre on 6 June | |||
** Conrad refused to allow him entry | |||
** Richard forced to sail directly to Acre and begin the siege without any respite | |||
* Caused delay in the attempt to retake Jerusalem | |||