→II crusade
（建立內容為「== Religious Motives == Key across all 3 crusades === What remained the same === ==== First Crusade ==== * Urban preached at Clemont 1095 * Charters reveal 60k responded directly to him, at the orders and obedience of Urban * Knights have been conditioned to fear hell, but Urban offered a new way of salvation ==== Just War Theory ==== * 6th commandment "Thou shall not kill" * To fight in the crusade the knights would break it * With help from Matilda of…」的新頁面） |
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** propaganda value | ** propaganda value | ||
* Important role in 3rd Crusade | * Important role in 3rd Crusade | ||
** Crusade was a response to Jerusalem fallen to | ** Crusade was a response to Jerusalem fallen to Saladin | ||
** Made Jerusalem still more central to crusading | ** Made Jerusalem still more central to crusading | ||
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** Kings wanted to be in the crusade | ** Kings wanted to be in the crusade | ||
* 2nd crusade | * 2nd crusade | ||
** | ** '''Conrad III, Louis VII and Eleanor of Aquitaine''' support | ||
** | ** Eugenius tightly controlling preaching | ||
** Failure of 2nd crusade in 1148 radically undermines papal authority | ** Failure of 2nd crusade in 1148 radically undermines papal authority | ||
* 1148 Damascus crusade fails humiliatingly | * 1148 Damascus crusade fails humiliatingly | ||
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* Religious motive alone cannot call a crusade | * Religious motive alone cannot call a crusade | ||
* Gregory VII tried to launch crusade | * 1074: Gregory VII tried to launch crusade | ||
* 1165: Alexander III tried to launch crusade | |||
* Nobody came | * Nobody came | ||
* Political context not yet sufficient | * Political context not yet sufficient | ||
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=== First Crusade === | === First Crusade === | ||
==== Threat to Byzantium ==== | |||
* Up to 1005, pushed to existential crisis | |||
** Alexius pleads for help in March | |||
* Seljuk Turks marched through Asia Minor | |||
** 1005 Kilij Arslan was in Nicea, Turks were at the walls of Constantinople | |||
* For Urban II he was able to give real reality to his plea for a crusade | |||
** Threat and pollution are not abstract | |||
** Close and dangerous reality | |||
==== Papal Monarchy ==== | |||
* Challenges faced | |||
** 1088 Frankopan argued Urban did not have the power | ** 1088 Frankopan argued Urban did not have the power | ||
* Investiture controversy | ** Henry IV supported the Antipope | ||
** Gregory VII driven out of Rome after Investiture controversy | |||
** Urban had to fight against an enemy supported by the German Empire | |||
** Urban was losing | ** Urban was losing | ||
** Antipope Clemont III was in power | ** Antipope Clemont III was in power | ||
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*** Wife accuses of sexual depravity+support Urban | *** Wife accuses of sexual depravity+support Urban | ||
*** Conrad turns to Urban | *** Conrad turns to Urban | ||
*** Excommunicated | |||
** Philip I of France loses power | |||
*** Abandoned his Queen to marry Betrada of Monfort, wife of Count Fulk of Anjou | |||
*** Excommunicated | *** Excommunicated | ||
** Allows Urban to have the power and influence to launch crusade | ** Allows Urban to have the power and influence to launch crusade | ||
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** Would also be a temporal leader in one papal monarch | ** Would also be a temporal leader in one papal monarch | ||
** May unite Eastern and Western churches | ** May unite Eastern and Western churches | ||
==== Violence ==== | |||
* Violence in France | |||
* Class trained for war (knights) | |||
** No war=no purpose | |||
* France divided | |||
* Internal conflicts | |||
* That violence threatened the papacy | |||
* Papacy was seeking to use crusade to remove violence from Latin Europe | * Papacy was seeking to use crusade to remove violence from Latin Europe | ||
** | * Peace of God: protecting certain ppl | ||
* Truce of God: stop all violence on certain days | |||
=== II crusade === | === II crusade === | ||
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** Crusaders aware not about seeking papal monarchy | ** Crusaders aware not about seeking papal monarchy | ||
* Cannot united eastern and western | * Cannot united eastern and western | ||
* Shifts to | * Shifts to '''Defence of Outremer''' from Jihadi threat | ||
* 1119: Battle of the field of blood: Jihadi victory | * 1119: Battle of the field of blood: Jihadi victory | ||
** 1144: fall of Edessa | ** 1144: fall of Edessa | ||
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=== Third Crusade === | === Third Crusade === | ||
* Richard Lionheart and most knights of England went | * Richard Lionheart and most knights of England went on Crusade | ||
* Mass noble participation cemented the idea that chivalry and crusading went hand in hand | * Mass noble participation cemented the idea that chivalry and crusading went hand in hand | ||
=== Military Orders === | ==== Military Orders ==== | ||
* Due to the growing influence of military orders (Templars and Hospitallers) | * Due to the growing influence of military orders (Templars and Hospitallers) | ||
* Number of knights for life time service increased | * Number of knights for life time service increased | ||
* Turned crusading from temporary venture to permanent vocation | * Turned crusading from temporary venture to permanent vocation | ||